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                <blockquote>
<p>本文是本文是CCSIT Research Skills Workshop 1的笔记。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220129005211245.png" alt="Research Skills Workshop 1"></p>
<p>密码：ResearchSkillsWorkshop-1</p>
<h2 id="Research-Proposal-Workshops-1"><a href="#Research-Proposal-Workshops-1" class="headerlink" title="Research Proposal Workshops 1"></a>Research Proposal Workshops 1</h2><p>本节课主要讲解以下内容：</p>
<ul>
<li>What is research proposal</li>
<li>Why is research proposal important</li>
<li>Types of research</li>
<li>Research topic</li>
<li>Research motivation and research gap identification（Research gap指目前研究的空白领域）</li>
<li>How to formulate research questions</li>
</ul>
<p>换而言之，本节课首先说明什么事Research Proposal，然后将为什么要写他（他的重要性），然后因为Research Proposal的核心是科研，因此会连带的讲解科研相关的内容。</p>
<h2 id="1-What-is-Research-Proposal"><a href="#1-What-is-Research-Proposal" class="headerlink" title="1. What is Research Proposal?"></a>1. What is Research Proposal?</h2><p><strong>Research Proposal是一种以科研为核心的，用于回答一系列问题的一种文章</strong>。通常，在一个Research Proposal中，需要回答：</p>
<ul>
<li>What do you intend to research？</li>
<li>How do you intend yo research it?</li>
<li>Where does it fit into the broader context of the subjects?</li>
<li>What is the significance of what you are proposing to do?</li>
</ul>
<p>即你准备研究些什么，你准备怎样研究，和你的研究对于整个这个学科的影响，以及你的研究的重要性</p>
<p>回答清楚这四个问题的Research Proposal才是一篇好的Research Proposal</p>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121181633798.png" alt="What is research proposal" style="zoom: 80%;"></p>
<h2 id="2-Why-is-research-proposal-important"><a href="#2-Why-is-research-proposal-important" class="headerlink" title="2. Why is research proposal important?"></a>2. Why is research proposal important?</h2><p>一般来说，我们只有在有了足够的动力来做某件事情之后，才回去做这件事情。而我们要写Research Proposal的话，也是首先要明白为什么Research Proposal重要。然后我们才会有有足够的动力去写Research Proposal</p>
<h3 id="A-To-the-university"><a href="#A-To-the-university" class="headerlink" title="A. To the university"></a>A. To the university</h3><p>首先是在申请硕士或者博士的学位的时候，一般申请的学校都会要求在申请材料的基础上，附带你的Research Proposal。</p>
<ul>
<li>因为相同的标化成绩其实是无法衡量一个申请学生的优秀的程度的</li>
<li>大学需要更深入的去了解一个学生，因此具有差异化的Research Proposal就可以帮助大学在不同的学生中进行比较，看看谁做过得项目比较好，最后决定录取谁</li>
<li>录取学生后学校是要给fund的</li>
<li>因此，一个Research Proposal中需要表现出来自己好的一面，尽可能的去贴近目标学校的要求</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121182053156.png" alt="原因一：申请的时候需要Research Proposal，因为他能帮助学校全面判断学生" style="zoom:67%;"></p>
<h3 id="B-To-yourself"><a href="#B-To-yourself" class="headerlink" title="B. To yourself"></a>B. To yourself</h3><p>其次，我们能够通过Research Proposal来更加全面、多元化的展示我们自己。我们通过Research Proposal，需要展示：</p>
<ul>
<li>我们有独立进行批判性思考的能力（Critical independent though and learning）</li>
<li>我们具备说能够清晰地表达（自己要做的事）的能力</li>
<li>我们对我们准备研究的领域有深入的理解</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121182814191.png" alt="原因二：Research Proposal可以更好的展示我们" style="zoom: 67%;"></p>
<h2 id="3-Three-types-of-research"><a href="#3-Three-types-of-research" class="headerlink" title="3. Three types of research"></a>3. Three types of research</h2><p>上面我们明白了什么是Research Proposal和为什么要写Research Proposal（Research Proposal的重要性之后），因为Research Proposal的核心是Research，因此我们下面需要讲讲关于Research的一些内容</p>
<p>一般来说，科研可以分为三类：</p>
<ul>
<li>Applied Research：应用研究</li>
<li>Empirical Research：实证研究</li>
<li>Theoretical Research：理论研究</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121203349507.png" alt="科研的三种类型" style="zoom: 67%;"></p>
<h3 id="A-Applied-Research"><a href="#A-Applied-Research" class="headerlink" title="A. Applied Research"></a>A. Applied Research</h3><p><strong>应用研究指的是用科学的方法探索解决实际问题的方法的研究</strong>。我们一般说的，Classification、Segmentation等等这些面向实际问题的研究都是Applied Research</p>
<ul>
<li>Applied Research所解决的问题可能对生活、工作、健康等等多种与我们息息相关的内容产生影响。</li>
<li>Applied Research研究的问题通常是倾向于解决人们当前真真确确面临的各种各样的问题</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121203636441.png" alt="Applied Research" style="zoom:67%;"></p>
<p>此外，Applied Research在实际进行研究的过程中也会存在一些我们需要关注的问题</p>
<ul>
<li>首先是道德问题，例如隐私、收集数据时候的被测试人的知情权。例如我们要通过研究声音来推断患者的患病史，那么我们在收集数据的时候就需要注意，我们收集的声音是无关参与者的私人生活的，这样确保不会从某种程度上侵犯受测人的隐私</li>
<li>此外还需要关注可复现性（有效性），external validity指的是科学成果可以被他人复现</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121204506337.png" alt="Applied Research可能面临的问题" style="zoom:67%;"></p>
<h3 id="B-Empirical-Research"><a href="#B-Empirical-Research" class="headerlink" title="B. Empirical Research"></a>B. Empirical Research</h3><p><strong>实证研究是指在通过对现存的现象进行观察和测量的基础上，从实际经验中而非理论或者信念（例如众所周知xxx）获取知识的研究</strong>。换而言之，是我们自己通过观察现象，然后总结规律，得到知识的研究</p>
<p>Empirical Research的一些关键特征如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>有具体的、需要通过研究来回答的问题：例如研究汤加火山爆发后形成的小岛上的种群变化</li>
<li>需要给出一些定义：例如定义种群的密度、行为或者现象等等</li>
<li>还需要描述进行研究的方法、流程，例如选择的标准，控制、测试的工具。也包括survey（调查）、interview采访</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121210100680.png" alt="Empirical Research" style="zoom:67%;"></p>
<h3 id="C-Theoretical-Research"><a href="#C-Theoretical-Research" class="headerlink" title="C. Theoretical Research"></a>C. Theoretical Research</h3><p>理论研究指的是收集某个现象或者想法的知识，这些知识可能在当下并不会立即有实际的运用</p>
<ul>
<li>理论研究通常是用于解释已有的现象的，通过解释已有的现象从而获得更深层次的知识，即知识的知识</li>
<li>理论研究的成果通常是会得到一堆证明和定理</li>
<li>理论研究是对我们现在的认知和假设系统的逻辑上的探索</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121210552931.png" alt="Theoretical Research" style="zoom:67%;"></p>
<h2 id="4-How-to-choose-a-research-topic"><a href="#4-How-to-choose-a-research-topic" class="headerlink" title="4. How to choose a research topic"></a>4. How to choose a research topic</h2><p>通常来说，为了能够找到一个研究的课题，需要注意以下的关键点：</p>
<ul>
<li>首先需要集思广益，想出来一些我们感兴趣的方向</li>
<li>其次，我们从这个方向中要选择我们可以读懂、理解文献的课题。例如学计算机的就不要去做医学专业的课题</li>
<li>我们还需要确保，这个课题是可以进行研究的，我们也能够获取进行研究相关的材料，包括文献、实验数据。例如我们现在要去研究生物大分子结构这种课题就不太现实，因为需要冷冻电镜这类设备我们买不起。</li>
<li>接下来在我们做文献总数/回顾（Literature Review，读文献）的时候要列一个关键字的列表</li>
<li>我们还要做好灵活应对的准备，因为我们一开始选的课题其实有可能是不可行的</li>
<li>最后，我们需要从我们研究的课题定义为一个或者多个正在被关注的问题。即从课题中抽出来具体需要解决的问题</li>
<li>然后对课题的文章进行更加广泛和大量的阅读</li>
<li>最后形成一个论文的陈述</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220121210957643.png" alt="Research topic"></p>
<h2 id="5-Research-motivation-and-research-gap-indentification"><a href="#5-Research-motivation-and-research-gap-indentification" class="headerlink" title="5. Research motivation and research gap indentification"></a>5. Research motivation and research gap indentification</h2><p>在确定了我们要研究的课题之后，我们接下来需要做的就是考虑清楚我们的研究动机是什么以及如何确定研究领域内的空白。</p>
<h3 id="A-Research-Motivation"><a href="#A-Research-Motivation" class="headerlink" title="A. Research Motivation"></a>A. Research Motivation</h3><p>研究东西需要包含两个方面：</p>
<ul>
<li>What are the problems and issuee are to be explored?</li>
<li>Why are they worth exploring?</li>
</ul>
<p>而对于Research Motivation而言，最好找出你的研究领域内没有被人研究过得问题。这样做的好处有：</p>
<ul>
<li>首先，我们可以把有限的精力和金钱投资在正确的项目上</li>
<li>其次还可以增加我们的研究成果的发表机会</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124135000981.png" alt="Research Motivation的关键点"></p>
<h3 id="B-Research-Gap"><a href="#B-Research-Gap" class="headerlink" title="B. Research Gap"></a>B. Research Gap</h3><p>为了要能够找到当前研究领域内的空白，可以通过：</p>
<ul>
<li>从现有的已经发表的文献中寻找灵感</li>
<li>向导师寻求帮助</li>
<li>用一些电子工具来寻找现在的研究热点领域或者高被引文章</li>
<li>查看有影响力的期刊的网站</li>
<li>把自己在读文章的时候的疑问记录下来</li>
<li>然后把自己的疑问的地方一个一个的进行调查</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124134243082.png" alt="找到研究邻域内空白的方法"></p>
<h2 id="6-How-to-formulate-research-questions"><a href="#6-How-to-formulate-research-questions" class="headerlink" title="6. How to formulate research questions"></a>6. How to formulate research questions</h2><p>在确定完自己的研究领域、研究的东西和领域内目前的空白之后，最后一步就是形成具体的研究问题。</p>
<p>而一个成功的研究问题需要满足以下的关键点：</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>清晰</strong>：问题中需要有足够的细节，可以让一个没有先验知识的人搞懂你的研究的目的，而不需要额外的解释</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如：</p>
<p>某人研究的课题是社交网站，他研究的问题是：<strong>社交网站的应该如何解决他们造成的危害？</strong></p>
<p>可是，这个问题却并不是非常清晰，因为我们在问题中并不知道哪些社交网站造成了怎样的危害。</p>
<p>因此，我们可以把问题修改为（reword）：</p>
<p><strong>向MySpace和Facebook这样的社交网站应该采取怎样的行动来保护用户的个人信息和隐私？</strong></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><strong>简洁</strong>：用最少的单词来表述你的问题</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>复杂</strong>：问题的回答最好不要就是简单的是或不是。相反，得到问题的答案前需要复杂的综合分析</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如：</p>
<p>某人的研究课题是糖尿病，他研究的问题是：<strong>在美国医生是怎样处理糖尿病的？</strong></p>
<p>可是这个问题太简单了，回答他只需要列出来步骤即可。因此为了要达到问题的复杂性，我们可以提出这样的问题：</p>
<p><strong>哪些主要的环境、行为和遗传因素可以预测美国人是否会患上糖尿病？以及如何利用这些因素来帮助医学界来预防疾病？</strong></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><strong>有争论的</strong>：我们的问题应该是目前没有被人研究过的，或者说是还存在争论的问题，而非已经具有被广泛接受的答案的问题</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124135236730.png" alt="一个成功的研究问题应该满足的关键点" style="zoom: 80%;"></p>
<h2 id="7-Some-tips-for-research-proposal"><a href="#7-Some-tips-for-research-proposal" class="headerlink" title="7. Some tips for research proposal"></a>7. Some tips for research proposal</h2><p>最后是关于一些Research Proposal的一些建议：</p>
<ul>
<li>首先要明白：<strong>这只是一份Research Proposal，只需要回答一些别人关注的问题，而不需要对你准备研究的问题进行回答，因此我们不需要知道所有问题的答案</strong>。而且在将来随着我们研究的深入，我们很有可能会意识到我们一开始的方法并不是最好的方法，我们很有可能会改变我们的methodology</li>
<li>其次，<strong>我们需要在Research Proposal中表现出来我们对课题的热爱</strong>。因为在未来我们申请成功后，这个课题可能会持续好几年。如果是申请英国的硕士的话，那就只有一年；如果是英国的博士的话，那么就会有三年，而美国的博士则至少5年。因此，研究这个课题的过程将会是非常长的一个过程，所以我们需要有对这个课题的热爱</li>
<li>接下来，<strong>一个成功的Research Proposal需要有4P</strong>。4P在后面会有所解释</li>
<li>最后，则是一个成功的Research Proposal需要能够说明你的研究中的创新</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124182800228.png" alt="关于Research Proposal的一些建议"></p>
<h2 id="8-What-is-4P"><a href="#8-What-is-4P" class="headerlink" title="8. What is 4P?"></a>8. What is 4P?</h2><p>上面说到，一个成功的Research Proposal需要说明4P。而4P指的是：</p>
<ul>
<li>Person：person指的人就是你，包括你的学术背景，你感兴趣的研究领域是什么，你是这个研究项目合适的候选人么？</li>
<li>Preparedness：preparedness指的是你是否做好了准备。你先前完成了什么样类型的学习？是否在这个领域有所了解？你是否具有完成项目所必需的技能，包括调查方法、代码能力……</li>
<li>Project：Research Proposal中的project指的是你的Research Proposal是否合理，进行你的研究是否有意义</li>
<li>Place：地点这个要素则是要说明你是否选择了正确的研究地点。你选择的地方是否有合适的学者或者对你的课题感兴趣的研究小组，此外，你选择大学里是否有能够支持你进行科研的设备 </li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124184032313.png" alt="成功的Research Proposal应该有4P" style="zoom:50%;"></p>
<h2 id="9-Summary"><a href="#9-Summary" class="headerlink" title="9. Summary"></a>9. Summary</h2><p>最后，总结一下Research Proposal的一些内容</p>
<ul>
<li>首先，Research Proposal用于帮助判断你申请的学校里是否有支持你的研究的专家</li>
<li>他是你在申请的时候用于评估你的一个因素</li>
<li>你申请中的Research Proposal只是你的一个起点，因为在未来随着你的想法的改变，你的Research Proposal可能也会发生改变</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124185051733.png" alt="Summary"></p>
<h2 id="10-Structure-of-Research-Proposal-To-be-continue…"><a href="#10-Structure-of-Research-Proposal-To-be-continue…" class="headerlink" title="10. Structure of Research Proposal (To be continue…)"></a>10. Structure of Research Proposal (To be continue…)</h2><p>最后是Research Proposal的结构，我们今天讨论了标题、研究问题。而研究的背景（原因）、方法、计划和时间表等这些内容将在后面的workshop中进行讲解</p>
<p><img src="https://jack-1307599355.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/img/image-20220124185654379.png" alt="Structure of Research Proposal"></p>

                
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